Random walks constitute a foundational concept in probability theory, describing the seemingly erratic movement of particles or agents as they traverse a space in a series of stochastic steps. In many ...

Random fields and Gaussian processes constitute fundamental frameworks in modern probability theory and spatial statistics, providing robust tools for modelling complex dependencies over space and ...

Tiny particles like pollen grains move constantly, pushed and pulled by environmental forces. To study this motion, physicists use a “random walk” model — a system in which every step is determined by ...