Probability theory forms the mathematical backbone for quantifying uncertainty and random events, providing a rigorous language with which to describe both everyday phenomena and complex scientific ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

Nonparametric methods provide a flexible framework for estimating the probability density function of random variables without imposing a strict parametric model. By relying directly on observed data, ...